Echoes of other Africas: residential catholic saint festivities in the Americas
Echoes of other Africas: residential catholic saint festivities in the Americas
DOI:
10.46551/issn.2317-0875v28n1p.10-38Keywords:
Catholicism, Central Africa, African Diaspora, Afro-Latin AmericaAbstract
This essay seeks to reimagine the African legacy in the Americas. Specifically, the text discusses residential Catholic saint festivities in several different countries in the Americas: Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and the Dominican Republic. Importantly, the musical saint veneration celebrations carried out in private homes in these various American localities share significant cosmological and aesthetic similarities largely due to a common origin traceable not only to Iberia but also to central Africa. Indeed, a comparison of the musical, structural, social, and cosmological aspects of these celebrations within a historical perspective shows that they are fruits of the central African contribution to the Americas, and especially of the central African Catholicism that began to develop starting the fifteenth century. Furthermore, this essay implicitly advances a methodological-theoretical argument that musical practices have a historicity that allows them to be studied (especially in a comparative and historicized way) in such a way that we can hear resonances of forgotten and silenced voices and narratives.
Downloads
References
BASTIDE, Roger. As religiões africanas no Brasil: contribuição a uma sociologia das interpenetrações de civilizações. São Paulo: Livraria Pioneira Editora; Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1971.
BAZINET, Ryan. The Sonic Structure of Shango Feasts. Ethnomusicology Review, v. 20, 2015. Disponível em http://ethnomusicologyreview.ucla.edu/journal/volume/20/piece/877#_ftnref4/. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2022.
BÉHAGUE, Gerard. Improvisation in Latin American Music. Music Educators Journal, v. 66, n. 5, p. 118-125, 1980.
BIRENBAUM QUINTERO, Michael. The Musical Making of Race and Place in Colombia’s Black Pacific. 2009. Tese (Doutorado em Música), New York University, New York, 2009.
BIRENBAUM QUINTERO, Michael. Las poéticas sonoras del Pacífico Sur. In: OCHA ESCOBAR, Juan Sebastián; SANTAMARÍA DELGADO, Carolina; SEVILLA PEÑUELA, Manuel (Orgs.). Músicas y prácticas sonoras en el Pacífico afrocolombiano. Bogotá: Editorial Pontificia Universidade Javeriana, 2010, p. 205-236.
BORUCKI, Alex. Trans-Imperial History in the Making of the Slave Trade to Venezuela, 1526–1811. Itinerario, v. 36, n. 2, p. 29-54, 2012.
BORUCKI, Alex; ELTIS, David; WHEAT, David. Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America. American Historical Review, v. 120, n. 2, p. 433-461, 2015.
BRANDT, Max H. Estudio etnomusicológico de tres conjuntos de tambores afro-venezolanos de Barlovento. Caracas: Centro para las Culturas Populares y Tradicionales, 1987.
BRANDT, Max H. Venezuela. In: OSLEN, Dale; SHEEHY, Daniel (Orgs.). Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, vol. 2, South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 523-546.
BROWN, David Hilary. Santería Enthroned: Art, Ritual, and Innovation in an Afro-Cuban Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
BUDASZ, Rogério. Central-African Pluriarcs and their Players in Nineteenth-Century Brazil. Music in Art, v. 39, n. 1-2, p. 5-31, 2014.
CAPONE, Stefania. African American Religions. In: BURNARD, Trevor (Org.). Oxford Bibliographies: Atlantic History. Base de dados online. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Disponível em: https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0080.xml?rskey=6e2YvT&result=4. Acesso em: 31 ago. 2022.
CARNEIRO, Edison. Samba de umbigada. Rio de Janeiro: Ministério da Educação e Cultura/Campanha de Defesa do Folclore Brasileiro, 1961.
CARNEIRO, Edison. Candomblés da Bahia. 6ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1978.
CARNEIRO, Souza. Os mitos africanos no Brasil. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1937.
CASTRO, Armando. Irmãs de fé: Tradição e turismo no Recôncavo Baiano. Rio de Janeiro: E-Papers, 2006.
CASTRO, Yeda Pessoa de. Falares africanos na Bahia (um vocabulário afro-brasileiro). 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 2005.
CHRISTIAN JR., William A. Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.
CHRISTIAN JR., William A. Catholicisms. In: NESVIG, Martin Austin (Org.). Local Religion in Colonial Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006, p. 259-268.
DAVIS, Martha Ellen. Voces del purgatorio: Estudio de la salve dominicana. Santo Domingo: Taller, 1981.
DAVIS, Martha Ellen. Oral Musical Traditions of the Dominican Republic. In: KUSS, Malena (Org.). Music in Latin America and the Caribbean, an Encyclopedic History: Vol. 2, Performing the Caribbean Experience. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007, p. 189-215.
DAVIS, Martha Ellen. Diasporal Dimensions of Dominican Folk Religion and Music. Black Music Research Journal, n. 32, n. 1, p. 161-191, 2012.
DAWSON, Kevin. Moros e Christianos Ritualized Naval Battles: Baptizing American Waters with African Spiritual Meaning. In: FROMONT, Cécile (Org.). Afro-Catholic Festivals in the Americas: Performance, Representation, and the Making of Black Atlantic Tradition. University Park: Penn State University Press, 2019, p. 42-58.
DESCH-OBI, Thomas J. Combat and the Crossing of the Kalunga. In: HEYWOOD, Linda (Org.). Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 353-370.
DEWULF, Jeroen. Sangamentos on Congo Square? Kongolese Warriors, Brotherhood Kings, and Mardi Gras Indians in New Orleans. In: FROMONT, Cécile (Org.). Afro-Catholic Festivals in the Americas: Performance, Representation, and the Making of Black Atlantic Tradition. University Park: Penn State University Press, 2019, p. 23-41.
DEWULF, Jeroen. Afro-Atlantic Catholics: America's First Black Christians. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2022.
DÖRING, Katharina. Samba da Bahia: Tradição pouco conhecida. Ictus, v. 5, p. 69-92, 2004.
DÖRING, Katharina. Cantador de chula: o samba antigo do Recôncavo Baiano. Salvador: Pinaúna, 2016.
FERRETTI, Sérgio Figueiredo. Repensando o sincretismo: Estudo sobre a Casa das Minas. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; São Luís: FAPEMA, 1995.
FIGUEIREDO, Fábio Leão; LÜHNING, Angela Elisabeth. Terça neutra: Um intervalo musical de possível origem árabe na música tradicional do nordeste brasileiro. Opus, v. 24, n. 1, p. 101-126, 2018.
FROMONT, Cécile. Dancing for the King of Congo from Early Modern Central Africa to Slavery-Era Brazil. Colonial Latin American Review, v. 22, n. 2, p. 184-208, 2013.
FROMONT, Cécile. The Art of Conversion: Christian Visual Culture in the Kingdom of Kongo. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
GARCÍA, Jesús. Africa en Venezuela: Pieza de Indias. Caracas: Lagoven, 1990.
GARCÍA, Jesús. Venezuela: Afro-Venezuelan Music. Vols. 1–2, UNES 08318. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Livreto do disco, 2013.
GARCÍA SALAZAR, Juan (Org.) Papá Roncón: Historia de vida. 2ª ed. Quito: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar; Ediciones Abya-Yala, 2011.
GARFIAS, Robert. The Marimba of Mexico and Central America. Latin American Music Review, n. 4, n. 2, p. 203-228, 1983.
GERSTIN, Julian. Comparisons of African and Diaspora Rhythm: The Ewe, Cuba, and Martinique. Analytical Approaches to World Music, v. 5, n. 2, p. 1-90, 2017.
GUERRA VELÁSQUEZ, Josefa. La religiosidad popular como practica cohesiva. In: XXVI Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Sociología. Guadalajara: Asociación Latinoamericana de Sociología, 2007.
GUSS, David M. The Selling of San Juan: The Performance of History in an Afro-Venezuelan Community. American Ethnologist, v. 20, n. 3, p. 451-473, 1993.
HERSKOVITS, Melville J. The Myth of the Negro Past. New York: Harper, 1941.
IYANAGA, Michael. O samba de caruru da Bahia: Tradição pouco conhecida. Ictus, v. 11, n. 2, p. 120-150, 2010.
IYANAGA, Michael. On Flogging the Dead Horse, Again: Historicity, Genealogy, and Objectivity in Richard Waterman’s Approach to Music. Ethnomusicology, v. 59, n. 2, p. 173-201, 2015a.
IYANAGA, Michael. Why Saints Love Samba: A Historical Perspective on Black Agency and the Rearticulation of Catholicism in Bahia, Brazil. Black Music Research Journal, v. 35, n. 1, p. 119-147, 2015b.
IYANAGA, Michael. Por que se canta? Rezando os santos católicos no Recôncavo Baiano. In: COSTA, Edil Silva; FERNANDES, Frederico; ARAÚJO, Nerivaldo Alves (Org.). Vozes, performances e arquivos de saberes. Salvador: Editora da Universidade do Estado da Bahia, 2018, p. 163-190.
IYANAGA, Michael. On Hearing Africas in the Americas: Domestic Celebrations for Catholic Saints as Afro-Diasporic Religious Tradition. In: FROMONT, Cécile (Org.). Afro-Catholic Festivals in the Americas: Performance, Representation, and the Making of Black Atlantic Tradition. University Park: Penn State University Press, 2019, p. 165-189.
IYANAGA, Michael. "É de acordo com a música": Descentralizando o ritmo através da análise melódica do samba no Recôncavo Baiano. In: SOTUYO BLANCO, Pablo (Org.). Musicologia sem fronteiras. Salvador: Editora da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2020, pp. 115-147.
IYANAGA, Michael. Alegria é devoção: sambas, santos e novenas numa tradição afro-diaspórica da Bahia. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2022.
JANZEN, John M. Ngoma: Discourses of Healing in Central and Southern Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
JOHNSON, Paul Christopher. Introduction: Spirits and Things in the Making of the Afro-Atlantic World. In: JOHNSON, Paul Christopher (Org.). Spirited Things: The World of “Possession” in Afro-Atlantic Religions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014, p. 1-22.
JORGE, Bernarda. El canto de tradición oral de República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Colección Banreservas, 1996.
KLIEMAN, Kairn A. “The Pygmies Were Our Compass”: Bantu and Batwa in the History of West Central Africa, Early Time to c. 1900 C.E. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2003.
KUBIK, Gerhard. Angolan Traits in Black Music, Games and Dances of Brazil: A Study of African Cultural Extensions Overseas. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar, 1979.
KUBIK, Gerhard. Extensions of African Cultures in Brazil. New York: Diasporic Africa Press, 2013.
LANDERS, Jane G. The Central African Presence in Spanish Maroon Communities. In: HEYWOOD, Linda M. Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 227-241.
LISCANO, Juan. La fiesta de San Juan el Bautista. Caracas: Monte Avila, 1973.
LOSONCZY, Anne-Marie. La trama interétnica: Ritual, sociedad, y figuras del intercambio entre los grupos negros y Emberá del Chocó. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, 2006.
LÜHNING, Angela. The Voyage of the Drums: From Africa to the Americas. Art, v. 24, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.revista-art.com/the-voyage-of-the-drums-from-africa-to-the-americas. Acessado em: 26 fev. 2018.
MANUEL, Peter. From Contradanza to Son: New Perspectives on the Prehistory of Cuban Popular Music. Latin American Music Review, n. 30, no. 2, p.184-212, 2009.
MARQUES, Francisca. Festa da Boa Morte e Glória: Ritual, música, e performance. 2008. Tese (Doutorado em Antropologia Social), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2008.
MIÑANA BLASCO, Carlos. Afinación de las marimbas en la costa pacífica colombiana: ¿Un ejemplo de la memoria interválica africana en Colombia? In: OCHA ESCOBAR, Juan Sebastián; SANTAMARÍA DELGADO, Carolina; SEVILLA PEÑUELA, Manuel (Orgs.). Músicas y prácticas sonoras en el Pacífico afrocolombiano. Bogotá: Editorial Pontificia Universidade Javeriana, 2010, p. 287-346.
MINTZ, Sidney; PRICE, Richard. The Birth of African-American Culture: An Anthropological Perspective. Boston: Beacon, 1992.
MUKUNA, Kazadi wa. Contribuição bantu na música popular brasileira: Perspectivas etnomusicológicas. São Paulo: Terceira Margem, 2000.
MURPHY, Joseph. Yoruba Religions in Diaspora. Religion Compass, v. 4, n. 7, 2010, p. 400-409.
OCHOA, Juan Sebastián; CONVERS, Leonor; HERNÁNDEZ, Oscar. Arrullos y currulaos: Material para abordar el estudio de la música tradicional del Pacífico sur Colombiano. Vol. 1. Bogotá: Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2015.
PALMIÉ, Stephan. Ethnogenetic Processes and Cultural Transfer in Afro-American Slave Populations. In: BINDER, Wolfgang (Org.). Slavery in the Americas. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann, p. 337-363, 1993.
PALMIÉ, Stephan. Introduction: On Predications of Africanity. In: PALMIÉ, Stephan (Org.). Africas of the Americas: Beyond the Search for Origins in the Study of Afro-Atlantic Religions. Leiden: Brill, p. 1-37, 2008.
POLLAK-ELTZ, Angelina. Cultos afroamericanos. Caracas: Universidad Catolica Andres Bello, 1972.
PRICE JR., Thomas James. Saints and Spirits: A Study of Differential Acculturation in Colombian Negro Communities. 1955. Tese (Doutorado em Antropologia), Evanston, Northwestern University, 1955.
RAMÓN Y RIVERA, Luis Felipe. La música afrovenezolana. Caracas: Imprenta Universitaria, 1971.
RAMOS, Arthur. As culturas negras no novo mundo. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1946.
REGINALDO, Lucilene. Os Rosários dos Angolas: Irmandades de africanos e crioulos na Bahia setecentista. São Paulo: Alameda, 2011.
RODRIGUES, Raymundo Nina. Os africanos no Brasil. 3ª ed. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1945.
SANDRONI, Carlos. Feitiço decente: Transformações do samba no Rio de Janeiro (1917–1933). Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2001.
SANSI, Roger. Sorcery and Fetishism in the Modern Atlantic. In: PARÉS, Luis Nicolau; SANSI, Roger (Orgs.). Sorcery in the Black Atlantic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 19-39, 2011.
SILVA, Marília T. Barboza da; OLIVEIRA FILHO, Arthur L. de. Cartola: Os tempos idos. Rio de Janeiro: FUNARTE, 1983.
SLENES, Robert. "Eu venho de muito longe, eu venho cavando": jongueiros cumba na senzala centro-africana. In: LARA, Silvia Hunold; PACHECO, Gustavo (Orgs.). Memória do jongo: as gravações históricas de Stanley J. Stein, Vassouras, 1949. Campinas: CECULT; Rio de Janeiro: Folha Seca, p. 109-156, 2007.
SOUZA, Maria de Mello e. Catolicismo negro no Brasil: Santos e minkisi, uma reflexão sobre miscigenação cultural. Afro-Ásia, n. 28, 2002, p. 125-146.
SUÁREZ, Maria Matilde; BETHENCOURT, Carmen. En Venezuela, San Juan Bautista es el Rey del Sangueo. Revista Bigott, n. 30, 1994, p. 3-14.
SWEET, James H. Recriar África: Cultura, Parentesco e Religião no Mundo Afro-Português (1441-1770). Lisboa: 70, 2007.
THORNTON, John K. On the trail of voodoo: African Christianity in Africa and the Americas. The Americas, v. 44, n. 3, 1988, p. 261-278.
THORNTON, John K. The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
THORNTON, John K.; HEYWOOD, Linda M. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
TURNER, Victor. Revelation and Divination in Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975.
WHEAT, David. The First Great Waves: African Provenance Zones for the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Cartagena de Indias, 1570-1640. Journal of African History, v. 52, no. 1, 2011, p. 1-22.
WHITTEN, Norman. Afro-Hispanic Music from Western Colombia and Ecuador. Livreto do CD. FW04376. New York: Folkways, 1967.
WHITTEN, Norman. Black Frontiersmen: Afro-Hispanic Culture of Ecuador and Colombia. Prospect Heights: Waveland, 1974.
YELVINGTON, Kevin A. The Invention of Africa in Latin America and the Caribbean: Political Discourse and Anthropological Praxis, 1920–1940. In: YELVINGTON, Kevin A. (Org.). Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora. Santa Fe: SAR Press, p. 35-82, 2006.
