EFEITOS DE DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS DE ALONGAMENTO DOS ISQUIOTIBIAIS NO DESEMPENHO DO FUTEBOL: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA
DOI:
10.46551/rn2024152300090Keywords:
Muscle Stretching Exercises. Hamstrings. Performance. Soccer.Abstract
Stretching is commonly used before sports to improve performance. However, the evidence is mixed on the benefits for sports performance. Thus, the present study aimed to systematize the main findings on the effects of different hamstring stretching protocols on the performance of football players. This is a systematic review, which brought together scientific articles from the electronic databases PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science and Scopus. The selected articles were in the English language, with the following descriptors: "stretching", "hamstring" and "performance", with the sport modality “soccer” being crossed. The Boolean operator “and” was used to limit the search. The study considered clinical trials, crossover clinical trials and randomized clinical trials, which addressed the effects of hamstring stretching on football performance, in amateur and high-performance athletes, without date restrictions. Initially, 107 records were identified. After analyzing titles and abstracts, 70 were excluded. Removal of duplicates reduced this to 19 articles, and after detailed analysis, 13 studies were selected for review. The most prevalent stretching protocols in the investigations were static (92.31%) and dynamic (30.77%). The main performance measures addressed in the studies included flexibility, speed, strength and jumping. It is concluded that, in general, stretching improves flexibility. Furthermore, most studies have shown that static stretching has negative effects on speed, while the effects of dynamic stretching remain inconclusive. Regarding strength, most studies have shown that both types of stretching, static and dynamic, do not interfere with football performance. Finally, the influence of static stretching on jumping proved to be variable, while most studies that analyzed dynamic stretching demonstrated no influence on this ability, with positive effects on impulsion being observed in some studies.
Downloads
References
ACHOUR JR, A. Exercícios de Alongamentos Anatomia e Fisiologia. São Paulo: Ed. Manole, 2002.
AGUILAR, A. J. et al. A Dynamic Warm-up Model Increases Quadriceps Strength and Hamstring Flexibility. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 26, n. 4, p. 1130–1141, abr. 2012. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822e58b6.
ALTER, M. J. Alongamento para os esportes: 311 alongamentos para 41 esportes. 2. ed. Barueri: Editora Manole Ltda, 1999.
AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE. Diretrizes do ACSM para os testes de esforço e prescrição de exercícios. 10. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2018.
APOSTOLOPOULOS, N.; METSIOS, G. S.; FLOURIS, A. D.; KOUTEDAKIS, Y.; WYON, M. A. The relevance of stretch intensity and position—a systematic review. Front Psychol, v. 6, p. 1128, 2015.
ASGARI, M. et al. Acute effects of the FIFA11+ and Football+ warm-ups on motor performance. A crossover randomized controlled trial. PLOS ONE, v. 18, n. 4, abr. 2023. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284702.
BEHM, D. G.; CHAOUACHI, A. A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European journal of applied physiology, v. 111, n. 11, p. 2633–51, 2011.
CHIMELLO, R. F. O cenário de futebol brasileiro com a chegada da nova lei das sociedades anônimas de futebol: objetivos e os desdobramentos que os clubes podem enfrentar com a nova SAF. 2022. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Direito) - Universidade São Judas Tadeu - USJT, São Paulo, 2022.
CRAMER, J. T.; HOUSH, T. J.; JOHNSON, G. O.; MILLER, J. M.; COBURN, J. W.; BECK, T. W. Acute effects of static stretching on peak torque in women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 18, n. 2, p. 236-241, 2004. DOI: 10.1519/R-13303.1.
D’ELIA, F.; ALTAVILLA, G.; ESPOSITO, G.; ALIBERTI, S.; RAIOLA, G. Perceptions and benefits of static and dynamic stretching in dancers: Qualitative and quantitative aspects. Journal of Physical Education, v. 33, n. 1, p. e-3339, 31 May. 2022.
DRUMMOND, F. A. et al. Incidence of injuries in soccer players - Mappingfoot: a prospective cohort study. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, São Paulo, v. 27, n. 2, p. 189-194, 2021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1517- 8692202127022020_0067. Acesso em: 27 mar. 2023.
EBADI L. A.; ÇETIN, E. Duration Dependent Effect of Static Stretching on Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscle Force. Sports (Basel), v. 6, n. 1, p. 24, mar. 2018. DOI: 10.3390/sports6010024.
EKSTRAND, J.; HÄGGLUND, M.; WALDÉN, M. Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer). Am J Sports Med, [S.l.], v. 39, n. 6, p. 1226-1232, jun. 2011. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510395879. Acesso em: 26 jun. 2023. PMID: 21335353.
FLETCHER, I. M.; JONES, B. The effect of different warm-up stretch protocols on 20-meter sprint performance in trained rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 18, n. 4, 2004. DOI: 10.1519/14493.1.
FOWLES, J. R.; SALE, D. G.; MACDOUGALL, J. D. Reduced strength after passive stretch of the human plantarflexors. Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 89, p. 1179-1188, 2000. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.1179.
FREITAS, S. R.; MENDES, B.; LE SANT, G.; ANDRADE, R. J.; NORDEZ, A.; MILANOVIC, Z. Can chronic stretching change the muscle-tendon mechanical properties? A review. Scand J Med Sci Sport, v. 28, p. 794–806, 2018.
GONÇALVES, D. L.; PAVÃO, T. S.; DOHNERT, M. B. Efeitos agudos e crônicos de um programa de alongamento estático e dinâmico no rendimento em jovens atletas do futebol. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, v. 19, n. 4, p. 241–246, ago. 2013.
HADDAD, M. et al. Static Stretching Can Impair Explosive Performance for At Least 24 Hours. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 28, n. 1, p. 140–146, jan. 2014.
HILL, D. K. Tension due to interaction between the sliding filaments in resting striated muscle. The effect of stimulation. J Physiol, v. 199, p. 673-684, 1968.
HOUGH, P. A.; ROSS, E. Z.; HOWATSON, G. Effects of Dynamic and Static Stretching on Vertical Jump Performance and Electromyographic Activity. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, v. 23, n. 2, 2009. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818cc65d.
JEMNI, M. et al. Acute Static Vibration-Induced Stretching Enhanced Muscle Viscoelasticity But Did Not Affect Maximal Voluntary Contractions in Footballers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 28, n. 11, p. 3105–3114, nov. 2014. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000404.
KYRANOUDIS, A.; ISPIRLIDIS, I. The acute effects of combined foam rolling and static stretching program on hip flexion and jumping ability in soccer players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, v. 19, p. 1164-1172, 2019.
MARISCAL, S. L. et al. Acute Effects of Ballistic vs. Passive Static Stretching Involved in a Prematch Warm-up on Vertical Jump and Linear Sprint Performance in Soccer Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research, v. 35, n. 1, p. 147–153, 2021. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002477.
MAGID, A.; LAW, D. J. Myofibrils bear most of the resting tension in frog skeletal muscle. Science, v. 230, p. 1280-1282, 1985.
MAGNUSSON, S. P.; SIMONSEN, E. B.; AAGAARD, P.; DYHRE-POULSEN, P.; MCHUGH, M. P.; KJAER, M. Mechanical and physical responses to stretching with and without preisometric contraction in human skeletal muscle. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., v. 77, p. 373–378, 1996. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90087-8.
MAHER, C. G. et al. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Physical Therapy, v. 83, n. 8, p. 713–721, 1 ago. 2003.
MANN, D. P.; JONES, M. T. Guidelines to the Implementation of a Dynamic Stretching Program. Strength and Conditioning Journal, v. 21, p. 53, 1999.
MANZI, V. et al. Effects of three different stretching protocols on hamstring muscle flexibility in professional soccer players: a randomized study. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, v. 60, n. 7, jun. 2020.
MARCON, C. A.; SOUZA, A. A. F. DE; RABELLO, L. M. Atuação Fisioterapêutica Nas Principais Lesões Musculares Que Acometem Jogadores De Futebol De Campo. Revista Científica da Faculdade de Educação e Meio Ambiente, v. 6, n. 1, p. 81–89, 2015.
MELO, R.R.V. et al. Static Stretching at Pain-Tolerated Intensity Is Not Necessary to Increase Knee Range of Motion in Amateur Soccer Players: a Randomized Trial. Muscle Ligaments and Tendons Journal, v. 11, p. 536, 2021.
MILANOVIĆ, Z. et al. Broad-spectrum physical fitness benefits of recreational football: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, [S.l.], v. 53, n. 15, p. 926-939, ago. 2019. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097885.
MORSE, C. I.; DEGENS, H.; SEYNNES, O. R.; MAGANARIS, C. N.; JONES, D. A. The acute effect of stretching on the passive stiffness of the human gastrocnemius muscle tendon unit. The Journal of Physiology, v. 586, n. 1, p. 97-106, 2008.
MUKHOPADHYAY, K. Modern Scientific Innovations in Warming Up and Cool-Down in Sports. J Adv Sport Phys Edu, v. 5, n. 7, p. 166-175, 2022. Disponível em: https://saudijournals.com. Acesso em: 26 jun. 2023.
NELSON, A. G. et al. Acute effects of passive muscle stretching on sprint performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, v. 23, n. 5, p. 449–454, maio 2005. DOI: 10.1080/02640410410001730205.
NELSON, A.; KOKKONEN, J. Anatomia do alongamento. São Paulo: Manole, 2007.
PAGE, M. J. et al. PRISMA 2020 Explanation and elaboration: Updated Guidance and Exemplars for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, v. 372, n. 160, 29 mar. 2021.
PASQUA, L. A.; OKUNO, N. M.; DAMASCENO, M. V.; LIMA-SILVA, A. E.; BERTUZZI, R. Impact of acute static-stretching on the optimal height in drop jumps. Motriz: Revista da Educação Física, v. 20, n. 1, p. 65-70, 2014. DOI: 10.1590/S1980-65742014000100010.
PEREIRA, M. D. S.; JUNIOR, R. C. A.; MORALES, A. P. Efeito agudo do alongamento passivo na potência muscular e no curso de tempo. Biológicas & Saúde, v. 12, n. 42, p. 5, 3 dez. 2022.
RODRIGUEZ-FERNANDEZ, A. et al. Effects of seven weeks of static hamstring stretching on flexibility and sprint performance in young soccer players according to their playing position. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, v. 56, n. 4, p. 345–351, 1 abr. 2016.
SARABON, N.; HOSTNIK, J.; MARKOVIC, G. Acute effects of aerobic activity, static stretching, and explosive exercises on muscular performance and range of motion of young soccer players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, v. 15, n. 5-6, p. 706-716, 21 jul. 2020.
SAYERS, A. L. et al. The Effect of Static Stretching on Phases of Sprint Performance in Elite Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 22, n. 5, p. 1416–1421, set. 2008.
SIMIC, L.; SARABON, N.; MARKOVIC, G. Does pre-exercise static stretching inhibit maximal muscular performance? A meta-analytical review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, [S.l.], v. 23, n. 2, p. 131- 148, mar. 2013. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01444.x. Acesso em: 8 abr. 2023.
SOUCHARD, P. E. Alongamento Global Ativo: Reeducação Postural Global ao Serviço do Desporto. Roma: Editora Marrapese, 2003.
STOVLAND, V. R. Prepare to fail or failing to prepare?: Acute performance after FIFA 11+ with and without strength exercises: A randomised crossover study. 2022. Dissertação - Escola Norueguesa de Ciências do Esporte; 2022.
SU, R.; WEI, C.; HSU, M. Effects of Different Stretching Strategies on Soccer Players' Power, Speed, and Muscle Strength Performance. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, [S.l.], v. 66, p. 328-341, 2019.
TORRES, E. M.; KRAEMER, W. J.; VINGREN, J. L.; VOLEK, J. S.; HATFIELD, D. L.; SPIERING, B. A.; HO, J. Y.; FRAGALA, M. S.; THOMAS, G. A.; ANDERSON, J. M.; HÄKKINEN, K.; MARESH, C. M. Effects of stretching on upper-body muscular performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 22, n. 4, 2008. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816eb501.
TRAJANO, G. S.; NOSAKA, K.; SEITZ, L. B.; BLAZEVICH, A. J. Intermittent Stretch Reduces Force and Central Drive more than Continuous Stretch. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, v. 46, n. 5, p. 902-910, 2014. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000185.
SANCHEZ, P. U. El efecto agudo de diferentes tipos de estiramiento sobre la altura de salto de gimnastas: revisión sistemática. MHSalud, Heredia, v. 17, n. 2, p. 117-134, Dec. 2020. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1659- 097X2020000200117&lng=en&nrm=iso. Acesso em 26 jun. 2023.
VELASQUE, R. et al. Could static stretching decrease anaerobic power in young soccer players? Medicina dello sport; rivista di fisiopatologia dello sport, v. 73, p. 210-219, 2020.
WOLFE, A. E.; BROWN, L. E.; COBURN, J. W.; KERSEY, R. D.; BOTTARO, M. Time Course of the Effects of Static Stretching on Cycling Economy. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, v. 25, n. 11, p. 2980-2984, 2011. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318234e55f.
Published
Versions
- 2024-06-24 (2)
- 2024-06-17 (1)
